AAR M-112 a me nā pūnāwai maʻamau ʻē aʻe

ʻIke kumu

ʻO ka pūnāwai hao kaʻa kaʻa he mea nui kaʻa kaʻa, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻaahi e like me nā kaʻaahi, nā subways a me nā trams. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e kākoʻo a pale i ka haʻalulu a me ka hopena o ke kaʻa e hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ke kaʻa i ka wā o ke kaʻa.

ʻO ka mea mua, he elasticity maikaʻi a ikaika nā pūnāwai kila kaʻa kaʻa. Hana ʻia ia me ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻolālā ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka ʻoihana, me ka nui o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi elastic. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i ka pūnāwai kila ke pale i nā haʻalulu nui a me nā haʻalulu i hana ʻia e ke kaʻa i ka wā e hoʻokele ai, a i ka manawa like e hoʻi koke i kona ʻano kumu e hōʻoia i ka paʻa o ka kaʻa a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka holo.

ʻO ka lua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūnāwai kila a me ka pale ʻana i ka luhi. Ma muli o ka ʻike pinepine ʻana o nā kaʻa i nā kaiapuni paʻakikī, e like me ka haʻahaʻa, ka lepo, ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, pono e loaʻa i nā pūnāwai kila ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa e hōʻoia i ko lākou ola lawelawe lōʻihi. I ka manawa like, i ka holo ʻana o ke kaʻa, e hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia ka pūnāwai kila e ka haʻalulu a me ka ukana, no laila pono e loaʻa i ke kūpaʻa luhi maikaʻi e hōʻoia i ka hana hilinaʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, he kiʻekiʻe ka wela o ka hana a me ka adaptability kaiapuni i nā puna kila. ʻOkoʻa loa ka mahana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā kau, no laila pono e hiki i nā puna kila ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano wela like ʻole a mālama i ka hana paʻa. I ka manawa like, pono e hiki i nā pūnāwai kila ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana alanui a me nā kūlana hana, e like me ke kaʻa laina pololei, ka hoʻokele kaʻa, piʻi a me lalo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka paʻa o ka hana o ke kaʻa.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā pūnāwai kila no nā kaʻa kaʻa he mau mea nui e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ke kaʻa a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka holo. Loaʻa iā ia ka elasticity maikaʻi a me ka ikaika, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke kūpaʻa luhi, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hana a me ka adaptability kaiapuni. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hana nā pūnāwai kila i mea koʻikoʻi ke kākoʻo a me ka pale ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻaahi, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hana palekana o ke kaʻa kaʻaahi.